SESSIONS

1:  Occurrence of Pneumonia in Lungs

Pneumonia means inflammation of one or both lungs that is usually caused by an infection. Other germs like bacteria, viruses and fungi can also cause pneumonia. When you breathe in these germs in the air they can settle in the alveoli of your lungs. Deep in your lungs, the germs may settle in lung lobes and damage it eventually. After once the lungs got infected the alveoli in the lungs starts filling up with puss and mucus. This swelling of the air sacs makes them less extendible and keeps oxygen from properly reaching your blood thirstiest.

2:  Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Excess exposure to the Hazardous chemicals and coal dust results to pulmonary fibrosis. Scarring of the lungs for an unknown reason is known as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Repetitive lung injury happens to the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in the lung alveoli.

•             Dry cough that doesn’t go away

•             Chest pain or tightness

•             Leg swelling

•             Loss of appetite

•             Shortness of breath at Physical activities.

3:  Cardio Pulmonary Disorders

Cardiopulmonary disorders are the range between the heart and the lungs. Pulmonary Hyper tension results to Decrease in the percentage of Oxygen in the lungs. Oxygenation failure in the lungs leads to

•             Alveolar Edema

•             Emphysema

•             Leukemia

•             Lung carcinoma

•             Lobar Pneumonia

•             Tuberculosis

4:  Betterment of Lung Abscess

A Lung Abscess is usually caused by bacteria that normally live in the mouth or throat and that are inhaled into the lungs causes’ infection. Obstruction of the airways in the thoracic cavity also can lead to abscess formation. Lung abscesses is formed when bacteria or infected blood clots travel through the blood fluids to the lung from another infected site in the body.

For Betterment Antibiotic Therapy:

Antibiotics intake is required. Antibiotics are initially given through a vein and later through mouth if the person’s condition is normal. Antibiotic treatment continues until the symptoms disappear and a chest x-ray shows that the abscess has cleared up. Such improvement usually requires 3 to 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy even it might take longer period of time as well.

5:  Prevention and Control of Respiratory Diseases

Environmental management is a crucial part of therapy in abnormal respiratory diseases. Ventilation in the cooking area and workspace leads to the major decrease of microbes and bacteria. A removal of Dampness around the living area creates freshness and recreates the environmental healthiness. Improving the Respiratory health helps for the improvement of proper Blood circulation and Airflow into the alveoli of the lungs.

Some of the ways that helps to Control Chronic Respiratory diseases

•             Avoiding smoking and second hand smoke

•             Improving good BMI

•             Avoidance of Air pollution.

•             Taking care from germs and Allergens.

•             Avoiding Exposure to Flu effected persons.

•             Maintenance of proper Ventilation in living area

6: Lung Transplantation

The process of transfer of infected lung from a healthy donor is referred as lung transplantation. Person effecting with lung infections are not advisable to be a donor. The donor tissue should be matched as to your tissue.

•             Risk involved in Lung transplantation

•             Types of Lung transplantation

•             Age criteria for Lung transplantation

7:  Impact of COVID-19 on Lungs

COVID-19, shows much impact on lungs as it slaughter the lungs by causing minor illness like cough , cold  and another possible complication of COVID-19, can also cause abiding  harm to the lungs and other organs. It causes respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal in human like other respiratory illnesses, COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, can cause enduring lung damage it affects the lungs while people are sick with lung disorders and even  after recovery.

8:  Tobacco control

Tobacco control refers to a range of comprehensive measures to protect people from the effects of tobacco consumption and second-hand tobacco smoke. To control tobacco use, countries can:

• protect people from exposure to tobacco smoke
• ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
• ban tobacco sales to minors
• require health warnings on tobacco packaging
• promote tobacco cessation
• increase tobacco taxation
• Create national coordinating mechanisms for tobacco control.

9:  Abnormalities in breathing regulation

Abnormalities in breathing regulation include apnea, eupnea, orthopnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea, Hyper and Hypo ventilation, hypoventilation, tachypnea, kussmaul respiration, Cheyne - Stokes respiration, sighing respiration, biot respiration, apneustic breathing, central neurogenic hyperventilation, and central neurogenic hypoventilation. Abnormality in breathing leads to Inflammation of lungs and occurrence of Apnea which in abnormal respiration in sleep. It leads to Destruction of Mental health and illness in human.

10:  Interstitial Lung Disease

Interstitial Lung Disease is also known as pulmonary fibrosis. Scarring of lung tissue happens in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. Hence results to stiffness of Lung tissue. It is an Increasing disease, and at present there is no cure for damage caused by scarring and swelling of the lung tissue. Lung tissue analysis is performed to diagnose the disease.

•             Bronchoscopy

•             Bronchoalveolar lavage

•             Surgical biopsy

•             Pulmonary rehabilitation

•             Oxygen therapy

11: Occupational & Environmental lung Disease

Occupational and environmental lung diseases are caused by the inhalation of toxic and hazardous chemicals in and around the work station and living area. Diseases are caused by exposure to germs and harmful chemicals. Intake of harmful gases, continuous exposure at coal mines leads to the breathing difficulty which results into the damage of lung tissue.

12: Knowledge on Chronic bronchitis and Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure arises at the right side of your heart closest to the lung lobe. It occurs due to congenital heart disease, High blood pressure, liver disease. High blood pressure in the arteries to your lungs is dangerous condition. Your heart has to pump high volume of blood through. Medication and oxygen therapy gives the best results in improving the quality of life.

13: Effect of Thoracic tumors on Lungs

The spread of cancer cells onto the lung lobes results in the blockage of Air sacs around the lungs. When people breathe in dangerous, toxic substances the change in lung cell happens and it gets replicated as hence causes tumors. Lung cancer happens at lymph nodes within the lung. At early stages you cannot feel or see the tumors in the lung, Later often you get Cough, sneezing and wheezing but there is some other which can be shown out too.

14: COPD Exacerbations

A person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiences long-term, progressive damage to their lungs which affects the airflow to the lungs this condition is referred as emphysema or chronic bronchitis. If the symptoms are severe than earlier at COPD then this condition is termed as acute exacerbation. COPD exacerbation symptoms are Cough |Decrease in the Oxygen level |Wheezing more than normal | Low immunity. Home treatment to overcome COPD Exacerbations is

•             Antibiotics

•             Inhalers

•             Steroids

15: Acute Chest Syndrome

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a severe lung-related complication of sickle cell disease that affects both children and adults.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) or anemia is an inherited blood disorder that affects the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a severe lung-related complication of sickle cell disease that affects both children and adults. It creates pneumonia like illness and is one of the leading causes of morbidity, hospitalizations and death in children and adults living with sickle cell disease. ACS occurs when sickle red blood cells block blood vessels in the lungs. This is considered an emergency and may be life threatening.

16: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury that allows fluid to leak into the lungs. Breathing becomes difficult and oxygen cannot get into the body. Most people who get ARDS are already at the hospital for trauma or illness.

17: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that is passed on in families and can affect the lungs, liver and/or skin. When this condition affects the lungs, it causes COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

18: Asbestosis

Asbestosis is a chronic lung condition that is caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air. Though asbestosis is believed to be mostly an occupational disease, there are reports of secondhand exposure to asbestos containing dust.

19: Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus, a type of mold that is found all over the world. We all inhale Aspergillus spores every day, but they cause illness in only people with preexisting lung disease, a specific immune sensitivity to aspergillus, or weakened immune systems.

20: Asthma

Asthma makes breathing difficult for millions of Americans. There is no cure, but it can be managed and treated so you can live a normal, healthy life.

21: Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition where the walls of your airways (bronchi) widen and are thickened from inflammation and infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis and any underlying condition is important for preventing further damage to your lungs.

22: Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis develops when small airways in the lungs become injured or inflamed. The easy passage of air is blocked, which may cause shortness of breath and cough. Its most often caused by viral infections and is common among young children.

23: Bronchiolitis Obliterans (Popcorn Lung)

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a chronic lung disease that also goes by the nickname “popcorn lung.” The condition damages the tiniest airways in your lungs (bronchioles), causing coughing and shortness of breath.

24: Bronchitis (Acute)

Commonly known as bronchitis, acute bronchitis is a form of lower respiratory infection that affects the air tubes (bronchi) of the lungs. It usually comes on suddenly and lasts for a week to 10 days. This is very different from chronic bronchitis, which is a more serious, life-long condition.

25: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a form of chronic lung disease that affects newborns. Most infants who develop BPD have been born prematurely and need oxygen therapy. Most infants recover from BPD, but some may have long-term breathing difficulties.

26: Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchitis is when the airways in your lungs, your bronchi, become inflamed. This irritation can cause severe coughing spells that bring up mucus, wheezing, chest pain and shortness of breath. There are two main types, acute and chronic.

Unlike acute bronchitis, which usually develops from a respiratory infection such as a cold and goes away in a week or two, chronic bronchitis is a more serious condition that develops over time. Symptoms may get better or worse, but they will never completely go away. These extended periods of inflammation cause sticky mucus to build up in the airways, leading to long-term breathing difficulties.

Along with emphysema, chronic bronchitis is one of the lung diseases that comprise COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). There are a number of treatments available to help control symptoms and ease breathing problems.

Key Facts about Chronic Bronchitis

·        Chronic bronchitis is included in the umbrella term COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Your doctor may refer to your disease as either chronic bronchitis or COPD.

·        Cigarette smoking is a major cause of chronic bronchitis. Other factors that increase your risk of developing this disease include exposure to air pollution as well as dust or toxic gases in the workplace or environment. It may also occur more frequently in individuals who have a family history of bronchitis.

·        To diagnose chronic bronchitis, your doctor will look for a productive cough (producing mucus) that lasts at least three months and happens multiple times over the course of at least two years. Tests used to diagnose chronic bronchitis include pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays or CT scans.

·        Chronic bronchitis is not curable but there are a number of treatments that can help you manage your symptoms. These include bronchodilators that open your airways, steroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation.

27: Chronic Cough

Chronic cough is a persistent coughs that lasts for at least eight weeks, and often much longer. Although cough is a common symptom of many lung diseases, chronic cough can't always be linked to another disease or condition and it often doesn't respond to treatment. If you have chronic cough it can feel like a burden on your daily life, with lack of sleep, mental and physical exhaustion and social stigma impacting your quality of life.

28: Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)

CTEPH is a rare and progressive form of pulmonary hypertension caused when chronic pulmonary embolism, or blood clots, form scar-like tissue in the lung’s arteries, blocking or narrowing the arteries.

29: Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung Disease)

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), commonly known as "black lung disease," occurs when coal dust is inhaled. Over time, continued exposure to the coal dust causes scarring in the lungs, impairing your ability to breathe. Considered an occupational lung disease, it is most common among coal miners.

30: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is a long-term lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. The good news is COPD is often preventable and treatable.  Here you'll find information, resources and tools to help you understand COPD, manage treatment and lifestyle changes, find support and take action.

31: Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

Coccidioidomycosis, commonly referred to as "Valley fever," is an infection that typically affects the lungs. It is caused by a fungus found in the soil in the southwestern United States and California, northern Mexico and parts of Central and South America.

32: Coronavirus (CoV)

Coronavirus (CoV) is a family of viruses that can cause respiratory infection. First identified in the 1960s, they are categorized into four sub-groups, alpha, beta, gamma and delta. The illness caused by coronaviruses in humans can range from the mild common cold to more severe disease like COVID-19, which can be fatal.

Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes that surround their surface. Corona is a Latin word that means “crown” or “wreath”.

33: COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease)

COVID-19 is a lung disease caused by a novel coronavirus first detected in late 2019. COVID-19 and its symptoms can range from mild to severe. Anyone can get COVID-19, but some individuals are more at risk for severe disease than others. The majority of people recover from COVID-19 within a few weeks, but it can be life-threatening. Currently, four COVID-19 vaccines are widely available for everyone 6 months of age and older.

34: Facts about the Common Cold

·        Colds are minor infections of the nose and throat caused by more than 200 different viruses. Rhinovirus is the most common cause, accounting for 10 to 40 percent of colds. Other common cold viruses include coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

·        A cold may last for about one week, but some colds last longer, especially in children, the elderly and those in poor health.

·        In the United States, colds account for more visits to the doctor than any other condition.

·        Adults get an average of two to four colds per year, mostly between September and May.

·        Young children suffer from an average of six to eight colds per year.

·        Colds are highly contagious. They most often spread when droplets of fluid that contain a cold virus are transferred by touch. These droplets may also be inhaled.

Common Cold Symptoms

Between one and three days after a cold virus enters the body, symptoms start developing, such as:

·        Runny nose

·        Congestion

·        Sneezing

·        Weakened senses of taste and smell

·        Scratchy throat

·        Cough

35: Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a rare lung condition affecting the small airways (bronchioles) and alveoli (tiny air sacs). It was previously known as idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP).

36: Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that causes thickened mucus to form in the lungs, pancreas and other organs. In the lungs, this mucus blocks the airways, creating lung damage and making it hard to breathe. CF is a life-threatening condition, but thanks to advances in treatment and care, the average life expectancy has been steadily increasing and quality of life has improved.

37: E-cigarette or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)

EVALI stands for e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury. It was originally known as VAPI (vaping associated pulmonary illness). The new name is in response to a growing number of severe lung illness cases related to using e-cigarette and vaping products, the first being identified during 2019. We are still learning about this disease, so changes may continue to be made to the terminology.

38: Emphysema

Emphysema is one of the diseases that comprise COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Emphysema develops over time and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs). Gradually, this damage causes the air sacs to rupture and create one big air pocket instead of many small ones. This reduction in the lung surface area traps air in the damaged tissues and prevent oxygen from moving through the bloodstream. Additionally, this blockage causes the lungs to slowly overfill and makes breathing increasingly more difficult.

Key Facts about Emphysema

·        Over three million people in the United States have been diagnosed with emphysema.

·        Emphysema is one of the most preventable respiratory illnesses because it is so strongly linked to smoking. Air pollutants, an alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and respiratory infections can also play a role, but smoking is considered the number one cause.

·        Signs and symptoms of emphysema take years to develop, but once they start, they generally include shortness of breath, coughing with mucus, wheezing and chest tightness.

·        Several tests are needed to diagnose emphysema including chest X-rays, pulse oximetry, spirometry and other pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas test and electrocardiogram (ECG).

·        Though emphysema cannot be cured, many treatments are available to help manage symptoms. Bronchodilator medications relax the muscles, anti-inflammatory medication can reduce airway inflammation, oxygen therapy can assist patients who need help breathing. Non-surgical endobronchial valves may be placed to allow trapped air to escape. In extreme situations, lung volume reduction surgery can relieve pressure by removing a portion of diseased lung tissue or a lung transplant may be considered.

39: Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare form of vasculitis, meaning it causes inflammation in small and medium sized blood vessels, which can result in damage to organs throughout the body. In most patients, blood vessels in the lungs are affected, causing breathing and lung issues.

40: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening viral illness transmitted to humans from the infected urine, droppings or saliva of certain species of mice and rats. Most cases of HPS in the United States have occurred in the Southwest among people who are exposed to these rodents at their work or home.

41: Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasmacapsulatum. This fungus is found in soil, particularly around places where large amounts of bird or bat droppings accumulate. In the United States Histoplasma is most common in the central and eastern states, especially in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.

42: Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a common respiratory virus that causes an upper respiratory infection (like a cold). It is a seasonal disease that usually occurs in the winter and early spring, similar to RSV and the flu.

43: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune system disorder in which your lungs become inflamed as an allergic reaction to inhaled microorganisms, plant and animal proteins or chemicals.

44: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of pulmonary fibrosis. It is a disease that causes scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. The word "idiopathic" means it has no known cause. Scarring causes stiffness in the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe.

Lung damage from IPF is irreversible and progressive, meaning it gets worse over time. In some cases, it can be slowed by certain medications. Occasionally, people with IPF will be recommended for lung transplant.

It is recommended that IPF patients stay active, eat well, and use oxygen therapy as prescribed to help manage their IPF.

45: Infectious Lung Diseases

Most infectious respiratory diseases are spread from person to person, which means that if one person in a school, workplace, home or community gets an infectious disease, they can spread it to others. The spread may occur through the air or from direct or indirect contact with an infected individual. Although being outside can reduce your risk of infection, transmission of respiratory viruses outside is possible.

46: Influenza (Flu)

Influenza, or flu, is a serious respiratory illness that is easily spread from person to person.

47: Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. The scarring causes stiffness in the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream. Lung damage from ILDs is often irreversible and gets worse over time.

Anyone can get interstitial lung disease, including children. Many things can increase the risk of or cause ILDs including genetics, certain medications or medical treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy. Exposure to hazardous materials has been linked to ILDs such as asbestosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. People with autoimmune diseases such as sarcoidosis or rheumatoid arthritis are also at increased risk of developing an ILD. Smoking can not only cause ILDs, but can make the condition much worse, which is why anyone diagnosed, is strongly encouraged to quit. Unfortunately, in many cases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the causes may be unknown.

The most common symptom of all ILDs is shortness of breath. This is often accompanied by a dry cough, chest discomfort, fatigue and occasionally weight loss. In most cases, by the time the symptoms appear lung damage has already been done so it is important to see your doctor immediately. Severe cases that are left untreated can develop life-threatening complications including high blood pressure, heart or respiratory failure.

To diagnose an ILD, your doctor will probably order a chest X-ray or CT scan to get a better look at your lungs. A lung function test may be used to measure your total lung capacity, which may have deteriorated due to the ILD. In more serious cases, and to diagnose a specific type of ILD, more invasive procedures may be needed, such as a bronchoscopy or a lung biopsy. 

Treatment for ILDs varies depending on the type of ILD diagnosed and the severity. Lung damage from ILDs is often irreversible and progressive, so treatment normally centers on relieving symptoms, improving quality of life and slowing the disease's progression. Medications, such as corticosteroids, can be used to decrease inflammation in the lungs. Oxygen therapy is another common treatment because it helps deliver extra oxygen to make breathing easier and lessen complications from low blood oxygen levels, such as heart failure. Pulmonary rehabilitation may also be recommended to improve daily life by giving patients techniques to improve lung efficiency, improve physical endurance and offer emotional support. In the most extreme cases, people with ILDs will be recommended for lung transplants.

48: Legionnaires’ disease

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of bacterial pneumonia caused by exposure to contaminated water sources that requires prompt medical treatment.

49: Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.

50: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

LAM is a rare disease affecting mostly women of child-bearing age, usually in their 30s and 40s. It is a progressive disease that can affect your lungs, lymph nodes and kidneys.

51: MAC Lung Disease

MAC lung disease is an infection caused a group of bacteria called Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MAC includes two closely related species, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellular, and May also be referred to as MAI. MAC is one of a large group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and the most common cause of NTM lung disease in the U.S.

MAC organisms are common in soil and water and are easily inhaled during daily activities. Most of the time they cause no harm, but they can cause infection in groups with certain risk factors. These groups include people living with lung disease such as bronchiectasisandCOPD, and people with a weakened immune system because of an autoimmune disorder or medical treatment such as drugs that compromise immunity. Postmenopausal women and people over 65 years old are also more likely to develop MAC lung disease than the general public.

Key Facts

·        MAC infection is a serious condition that can cause damage to the lungs.

·        MAC infection is not contagious.

·        Common signs and symptoms of MAC lung disease include fatigue, chronic cough, and shortness of breath, night sweats, coughing up blood and weight loss. Symptoms may persist or worsen despite being treated for another lung condition.

·        MAC lung disease diagnosis includes a clinical exam, a chest x-ray or CT scan and a lab culture of sputum from your lungs.

·        MAC lung disease treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken over an extended period of time.

·        In addition to lung disease, MAC can also cause an infection that spreads throughout the body, usually in people with advanced AIDS, called disseminated MAC disease, as well as a swelling in the lymph nodes called lymphadenitis that is most common in young children.

52: Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the thin layer of tissue that covers most of your internal organs, called the mesothelium. The most common form, called pleural mesothelioma, occurs in the lining of the lungs. 

53: Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, is a viral illness that causes severe lung infection. The disease was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and as of 2018 had only been diagnosed twice in the United States. In 2015, an outbreak affected 180 people in the Republic of Korea when the infection came in from Saudi Arabia. Overall, more than 20 countries worldwide have reported cases of MERS. 

Key Facts

·        The MERS virus causes flu-like symptoms, with most patients developing pneumonia as a secondary infection.

·        MERS is caused by a virus in the coronavirus family, and the syndrome is also called MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

·        MERS is passed primarily to people from infected camels. It can sometimes spread between people who are in close, unprotected contact.

·        Most cases have been found in Saudi Arabia, where the virus originated. Outbreaks in other countries have been traced back to infected individuals returning from travel to the Middle East.

·        Around one-third of patients diagnosed with MERS have died, according to the CDC.

What Are the Symptoms of MERS?

MERS symptoms can range from mild to severe. People with mild MERS infection may not receive a correct diagnosis. The more common symptoms include:

·        Shortness of breath

·        Fever

·        Cough with or without blood

·        Sore throat

·        Muscle and stomach pain and soreness

·        Vomiting

·        Diarrhea

Patients with a more severe case may rapidly develop pneumonia. They may also experience breathing failure, kidney damage, high fevers and even death.

The main symptoms of MERS are flu-like and develop from 2 to 14 days after exposure. Early diagnosis improves potential health outcomes. You should see a doctor promptly if you have traveled to affected areas, particularly the Middle East, or had contact with people known to be infected with the MERS virus and are exhibiting the above symptoms.

How MERS Is Diagnosed

Symptoms of respiratory illness and recent travel to the Middle East region should raise the suspicion that a patient may have MERS. If your doctor suspects MERS, you will have a chest X-ray, blood tests, kidney function tests and respiratory samples (lung secretions) for evaluation.

How MERS Is Treated

There is no approved treatment specifically for MERS. Most patients with mild disease recover without complications. Patients with the milder form can be treated at home and take medication for symptoms such as fever and pain. They should stay isolated to avoid spreading the disease. In more severe cases, the patient may develop lung or respiratory failure which requires them to be hospitalized. Doctors may suggest using a breathing tube, a mechanical ventilator or respirator, antibiotics and intravenous fluids.

54: NTM Lung Disease

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are organisms naturally found in soil and water. In some people, the organism infects the airways and lung tissue leading to disease.

55: Occupational Lung Diseases

Occupational or work-related lung diseases are lung conditions that have been caused or made worse by long-term exposure to certain irritants in the workplace. Dust particles, chemicals, fungal spores, and certain animal droppings are examples of exposures that may increase your risk of developing occupational lung disease.

There is no cure for occupational lung diseases. Controlling your exposure to lung irritants and treatment can help slow the disease progression, lessen symptoms, and improve your quality of life. If you smoke, quit. Smoking can cause or worsen lung disease.

56: Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an extremely contagious bacterial infection. It can cause serious respiratory illness in people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies.

57: Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a common lung infection caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It can be a complication of the flu, but other viruses, bacteria and even fungi can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia and its symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Treatment depends on the cause of your pneumonia, how severe your symptoms are, and your age and overall health. Most healthy people recover from pneumonia in one to three weeks, but it can be life-threatening. The good news is that pneumonia can be prevented—by getting an annual flu shot (as flu often leads to pneumonia), frequently washing your hands, and for people at high risk, getting a vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia.

58: Pneumothorax (Collapsed Lungs)

Pneumothorax, also called a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This pressure from the air building up and pushing on the outside of the lung causes it to give way. Lung collapse prevents the lung from expanding when inhaling.

59: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic condition that can lead to chronic lung, ear and sinus infections, along with other disorders in children and adults.

60: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one form of a broader condition known as pulmonary hypertension, which is high blood pressure in the lungs. In PAH, this increased pressure in the vessels is caused by obstruction in the small arteries in the lung for a variety of reasons. 

61: Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is when one of the arteries in the lungs gets blocked by a blood clot. In most cases, the clot travels from the leg or another part of the body (called deep vein thrombosis) and blocks the flow of blood to the lung, making it life-threatening.

62: Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF)

Pulmonary fibrosis is scarring of the lungs. The information here can be helpful to anyone facing one of the many types of pulmonary fibrosis, including the most commonly diagnosed, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

63: Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition where there is abnormally high pressure in the blood vessels between the lungs and the heart.

Key Facts

·        When the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries gets too high, the arteries in the lungs narrow (or constrict), reducing blood flow through the lungs and causing low levels of oxygen in the blood.

·        There are numerous causes of pulmonary hypertension, which can be inherited or acquired as a result of other medical conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, or connective tissue disease.

·        In most cases, pulmonary hypertension cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, you can improve symptoms and slow the disease’s progression. The exception is CTEPH which can be cured through surgery.

How Pulmonary Hypertension Affects Your Body

Oxygen-poor blood returning to the heart from all body organs and tissues travels from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary arteries into the lungs. Within the lungs, these arteries divide into smaller vessels in order to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the left side of the heart from where it is pumped back to all body organs and tissues.

Normally, the blood flows relatively easily through these vessels in your lungs but in PH, the walls of the arteries become stiff, damaged and narrow. This makes blood flow much more difficult and causes the blood pressure in the lungs to rise and the right side of your heart to work harder. Over time, this added stress to the right side of your heart can lead to other medical problems, specifically heart failure.  

Pulmonary hypertension is classified by the World Health Organization according to its causes or associated underlying conditions:

·        Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) refers to increased pressure in the vessels caused by obstruction in the small arteries in the lung, for a variety of reasons. These include "idiopathic" (no known cause or underlying condition); drug-related, HIV infection; connective tissue/autoimmune disorders (such as scleroderma) and others. 

·        Group 2: Pulmonary hypertension due to left-side heart disease. This is when long-term heart disease results in damage to the pulmonary arteries eventually causing PH.

·        Group 3: Pulmonary hypertension caused by underlying lung diseases or hypoxemia. The common diseases that cause hypoxia are COPD, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea, lung development abnormalities and chronic high-altitude exposure.

·        Group 4: CTEPH (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension)—In some patients, pulmonary embolism, or blood clots, in the lung’s arteries can form scar-like tissue, blocking or narrowing the arteries and leading to CTEPH. Some CTEPH patients can be cured with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) surgery.

·        Group 5: Pulmonary hypertension from numerous other disorders. This group includes any other cause that doesn’t fit under another heading. Examples are blood disorders, systemic disorders like sarcoidosis, metabolic disorders like thyroid diseases and chronic kidney failure or tumors obstructing pulmonary arteries.

Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension

Diagnosing PH can be difficult because many of the signs and symptoms are similar to other lung diseases, like asthma and COPD. However, if you suspect a problem you should see your doctor immediately as early diagnosis is the key to preventing fatalities. Some of the most common symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness and fainting, heart palpitations, and edema (or swelling in your ankles and legs). If your doctor suspects that you have PH, they will need a detailed medical and family history, and will initially perform a physical exam and one or more diagnostic tests.

64: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that can infect people of all ages. It is so common that most children have been infected with the virus by age 2. Most people, including infants, usually develop only mild symptoms similar to that of a common cold, with congestion, runny nose and cough. But for some, it can be severe and even life-threatening.

65: Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that can affect many organs of the body, most commonly the lungs. The inflammation causes the formation of nodules, called granulomas, in the affected organs.

66: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious condition that can cause serious respiratory illness and death. SARS became a concern in 2003 when an outbreak that began in China spread worldwide causing a global epidemic. The disease was contained and there have been no cases of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004.

About SARS

SARS was caused by a coronavirus, the same family of viruses that causes some common colds. Like most respiratory viruses, SARS appeared to spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing and close contact. Symptoms of the infection seen during the 2003 outbreak included those similar to the flu: fever, cough, chills, fatigue, shortness of breath, headache and diarrhea. The infection progressed rapidly and most people with SARS needed to be hospitalized and isolated to prevent spread of the virus to other people, including healthcare workers.

Impact of SARS Epidemic

The 2003 epidemic was responsible for more than 8,000 cases of SARS in 29 countries, including 29 cases in the United States. There were 774 SARS-related deaths; none reported in the U.S. SARS was fatal for 1 in 10 patients Age was an important factor in mortality; the risk of the disease being fatal increased to about half of patients over the age of 60. A small percentage of patients had long-term effects from their illness, including depression or anxiety, cough, shortness of breath, chronic lung disease or kidney disease. However, most patients fully recovered.

Preventing SARS

Although there have been no cases of SARS anywhere in the world since 2004, preventing spread of this illness is similar to preventing any viral respiratory infection: avoid close contact with affected individuals, wash your hands with soap and water, and encourage people with viral respiratory infections to cover their mouth when coughing or sneezing.

67: Silicosis

Silicosis is a type of pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica, a common mineral found in sand, quartz and many other types of rock. Silicosis mainly affects workers exposed to silica dust in jobs such as construction and mining. Over time, exposure to silica particles causes scarring in the lungs, which can harm your ability to breathe.

68: Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea  is a common disorder that interrupts sleep due to upper airways that repeatedly collapse when throat muscles relax during sleep, blocking the flow of air. Common signs of sleep apnea include snoring and choking or gasping while asleep.

69: Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs but can affect almost any part of the body. Though tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air, it is not easy to become infected. TB can be fatal if it's not treated, but taking medicine as directed can almost always cure TB.